Introduction

KOEDOE

KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science

0075-6458 2071-0771

AOSIS

KOEDOE-62-1632

10.4102/koedoe.v62i1.1632

Short Communication

Morphometric regressions for the endangered Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis, in the Swartvlei Estuary from mass stranding events

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-1646

Arendse

Clement J.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-1123

Russell

Ian A.

1 1Rondevlei Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks (SANParks), Sedgefield, South Africa

Corresponding author: Clement Arendse, clement.arendse@sanparks.org

28092020

2020

62 1

1632

08042020 22072020

2020

Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Introduction

The Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis, is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with the only known, apparently isolated, populations occurring in the Knysna, Swartvlei and Keurbooms estuaries along the south coast of South Africa. The Swartvlei Estuary population is the most genetically distinct (Mkare et al. 2017). Despite all three known populations occurring within protected areas and there being no commercial or subsistence use of the species, population sizes are still thought to be declining because of habitat degradation across much of its range (Pollom 2017). Environmental management authorities have outlined strategies for the conservation of H. capensis, including listing it as a species of special concern in the Estuarine Lower Level Plan of the Garden Route National Park (South African National Parks 2020) and setting management objectives for the Keurbooms population in the Keurbooms–Bitou Estuarine Management Plan (Western Cape Government 2018).

Assessments of population size and habitat use of H. capensis have focussed mainly on the relatively larger and more stable population in Knysna Estuary (Bell et al. 2003; Claassens 2016; Claassens & Hodgson 2018; Teske et al. 2007). The lesser studied Swartvlei Estuary population is subject to large fluctuations in abundance, with past densities ranging from 0.04 individuals per m² to 0.26 individuals per m² (Lockyear et al. 2006). The Swartvlei Estuary is the only intermittently open host estuary, with elevated water levels and prolonged flooding of land adjacent to the shores common during closed periods. Periodic mass strandings and associated die-offs of H. capensis have been recorded in Swartvlei Estuary when the estuary is breached (Russell 1994; Skelton 1987), mainly by artificial means to prevent inundation of properties on the estuarine floodplain. The breaching protocol and criteria are contained with the Garden Route National Park Management Plan (SANParks 2020).

South African National Parks (SANParks) as the management authority of Swartvlei Estuary has since 1991 intermittently collected dead H. capensis from the banks of the Swartvlei Estuary after breaching events. This now regular sampling has evolved into a SANParks co-ordinated citizen science programme.

The only known morphometric descriptions of H. capensis come from small samples of flood-stranded individuals from the Knysna Estuary (n = 57) and Swartvlei Estuary (n = 39) (Toefy 2000), despite the usefulness of such data in allowing comparison between studies and the conversion of data where different measures of length are used (Lourie 2003).

This article aims to use the seahorse morphometric data collected following two mass stranding events (> 500 individuals) in 1991 and 2017 to provide more robust estimates of the relationship between key morphometric characteristics of H. capensis. In addition, data from mass strandings are compared to those collected from seine netting of live individuals in 2019 to determine the feasibility of using these periodic events as a means of assessing population attributes.

Methods Sample sites

Hippocampus capensis were sampled from the Swartvlei Estuary (34° 01’ 48.58” S, 22° 47’ 50.66” E), situated along the south coast of South Africa.

Collection protocol

Dead H. capensis were collected after mass stranding events in February 1991 and November 2017. Specimens collected in 1991 were preserved in 10% neutral freshwater-buffered formalin immediately after collection (Russell 1994), whereas in 2017 dead individuals were frozen immediately after collection. In 2017, samples were collected within 1 day of stranded individuals first being noticed, and for 1 week after estuary breaching. Sampling effort was spread throughout the estuary, although repeat sampling, where sites were searched daily over the sampling period, was undertaken mostly in areas with previous high abundance (Lockyear et al. 2006). Approximately 1000 individuals were recorded, of which half (52%) were dead. All live individuals were returned to the water. Retained dead individuals showed various levels of desiccation, likely a result of differences in exposure time because of the intermittent stranding of H. capensis over several days following breaching. Samples were pooled for all sites, and all samples were preserved without manipulating (i.e. straightening) body parts.

Live H. capensis were collected in March 2019 using a 10 m × 1.5 m seine net with a stretched mesh size of 8 mm. Three effective hauls were undertaken in ≤ 1.3 m water depth in areas of previous high H. capensis density, with each haul being approximately 3 m wide, ranging from 12 m to 21 m long, and spaced at least 20 m apart. Data were pooled for all replicates. Live samples were compared to preserved samples to determine if size classes and sex ratios differed between sampling techniques.

Morphometrics

Preserved samples were photographed and measured using ImageJ software. Where necessary, individuals were flattened before being photographed to minimise bias in measurements because of body arching (discussed in Sotola et al. 2019).

All individuals were sexed and then measured using the protocol set by Lourie (2003). Head length (HdL), curved trunk length (TrL), curved tail length (TaL) and height (Ht) were measured, with standard length (SL) calculated as the sum of the first three measurements. Straight-line SL (SL_straight) and straight-line Ht (Ht_straight) were also determined for a subsample of individuals whose heads were positioned at a right angle to their trunk. The trunk measurements for the straight-line sizes were measured as straight-line distances from the respective anterior starting points ending at the last trunk ring. Regression equations of size measurements of H. capensis included measurement of Ht_straight and Ht because Ht_straig_ht is often the size measurement used when sampling live specimens (Foster & Vincent 2004; Lourie 2003), likely to avoid handling stress, and Ht may be useful if the snout of a dead seahorse is damaged. Live individuals collected in 2019 were sexed and Ht_s_traight was measured before the animals were released at the location of capture.

The effect of preservation techniques on morphometric relationships was investigated by comparing the regression equations between SL and HdL, TrL, TaL and Ht_straight of formalin preserved (collected 1991) and frozen (collected 2017) specimens. Preservation of samples in a fixative can cause shrinkage, and different preservation techniques may result in different shrinkage rates of seahorse body parts (Nadeau, Curtis & Lourie 2009). Also, further shrinkage is known to occur in fish when multiple preservation techniques, in this case freezing or preservation in formalin after desiccation, are applied (Sotola et al. 2019).

Statistical analysis

Sex ratio bias within the 1991, 2017 and 2019 datasets was tested using an exact binomial test (Crawley 2007; Zar 2010). Sexes were analysed separately because of known sexual dimorphism (Bell et al. 2003).

Normality of SL (between preservation techniques) and Ht_straight (between alive and preserved specimens) measurements for years and sexes were tested using a Shapiro–Wilk test. Homogeneity of variances was tested using a Fligner–Killeen test before differences in means were tested using either a one-tailed Welch’s two-sample t-test or a one-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Differences in mean Ht_straight between years were tested using a Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test. Regression equations of SL and Ht_straight and their component measurements for years and sexes were produced separately using ordinary least squares regressions and compared to determine if sex and preservation techniques influenced correlation between variables. Regression equations of SL and Ht_straight, separated by year and sex, were tested using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine if regression equations obtained differed significantly (Crawley 2007; Zar 2010).

Data analyses were undertaken using the programming language R (R Core Team 2019).

Results Sex ratios

Sex ratios were biased towards females in the 1991 sample (1.025:1; n = 170) and males in the 2017 and 2019 samples (0.974:1; n = 304 and 0.814:1; n = 78, respectively), although none differed significantly from the predicted 1:1 ratio (p > 0.05).

Size class distribution

Mean length of H. capensis collected in 2017 (62 mm – 100 mm SL; n = 274) was significantly larger than the mean length of those collected in 1991 (33 mm – 100 mm SL; n = 161) when sexes were grouped (W = 7800; p < 0.05) as well as for females (W = 1650; p < 0.05) and males (W = 2227; p < 0.05) separately. The majority of individuals collected in 2017 were above the size of sexual maturity (≥ 65 mm SL [Whitfield 1995]), whereas most individuals collected in 1991 were likely sexually immature (Figure 1a). Mean SL differed significantly between sexes in both 1991 (W = 2255; p < 0.05) and 2017 (t = −2.989; p < 0.05), with the mean size of males being larger than that of females in both years.

FIGURE 1

Box and whisker plots of Hippocampus capensis separated by sex showing the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile and maximum sizes of (a) SL for preserved (1991 and 2017) samples, and (b) Ht_straight for preserved (1991 and 2017) and live samples (2019).

Measurements of Ht_straight from live H. capensis collected in 2019 were normally distributed for both females (W = 0.946; p > 0.05) and males (W = 0.984; p > 0.05). Mean Ht_straight did not differ significantly between sexes (t = −0.432; p > 0.05). The 2019 size range (38 mm – 71 mm Ht_straight; n = 78) was similar to those collected in both 1991 (35 mm – 76 mm Ht_straight; n = 53) and 2017 (54 mm – 77 mm Ht_straight; n = 97), though mean sizes differed significantly for both females (chi-squared = 51.875; p < 0.05) and males between years (chi-squared = 52.689; p < 0.05) (Figure 1b).

Morphometric regressions

The fit of regression models between SL and HdL, TrL and TaL was better for the 1991 samples compared to those collected in 2017, as evidenced by the high R² values in the former (Tables 1 and 2). Test statistics for the regressions between SL and HdL, TrL, TaL and Ht_straight are presented in Table 3. HdL, TrL and TaL were significantly correlated to SL for both sexes when years were analysed separately, whilst sex effected all regressions except HdL in 1991. Interaction did not significantly effect the fit of the models in either year (p > 0.05) and the slope of the models did not differ significantly between sexes (p > 0.05), with the exception of HdL in 2017. When differences between years were calculated separately for sexes, interaction effects were evident for the female datasets for TrL and TaL and male datasets for HdL and TrL (p > 0.05) but not the female dataset for HdL or the male dataset for TaL. Year significantly effected all regressions except the male dataset for TrL. Slopes differed between years for all variables for both sexes. Preservation technique, therefore, influenced TrL for both sexes, whereas HdL only differed between males and TaL between females. When years were analysed individually, Ht_straight significantly effected SL in 1991 and 2017 (p < 0.05), but sex effected the regressions only in 2017 (p < 0.05). No interaction effects were evident in either year (p > 0.05). When sexes were analysed separately, Ht_straight and year significantly influenced the regressions for both sexes, with no interaction effects evident for females or males (p > 0.05). The linear regression for males collected in 1991 (Table 1) was used to calculate Ht_straight at sexual maturity (56 mm) (Figure 1b).

TABLE 1

Correlation between selected morphometric characteristics of Hippocampus capensis collected in 1991.

x-Variable	y-Variable	Sex	n	Regression equation	ε	Intercept SE	Slope SE	Adjusted R²
Ht	SL	F	81	y_i = 1.121x_i – 1.205 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.988²)	±0.507	±0.010	0.994
Ht	SL	M	77	y_i = 1.127x_i + 0.551 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.933²)	±0.529	±0.009	0.995
Ht_straight	SL	F	26	y_i = 1.171x_i – 0.084 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.04²)	±1.094	±0.021	0.991
Ht_straight	SL	M	23	y_i = 1.204x_i – 1.848 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.177²)	±1.361	±0.025	0.990
SL_straight	SL	F	26	y_i = 1.019x_i – 0.008 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.529²)	±0.554	±0.009	0.998
SL_straight	SL	M	23	y_i = 1.019x_i + 0.217 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.498²)	±0.556	±0.009	0.998
HdL	SL	F	81	y_i = 5.515x_i – 0.366 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.373²)	±2.434	±0.221	0.885
HdL	SL	M	77	y_i = 5.945x_i − 3.255 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.238²)	±2.664	±0.224	0.900
TrL	SL	F	81	y_i = 3.575x_i + 2.829 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 3.328²)	±1.713	±0.106	0.933
TrL	SL	M	77	y_i = 3.562x_i + 5.766 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.450²)	±2.459	±0.142	0.900
TrL_straight	SL	F	26	y_i = 3.742x_i + 3.857 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 3.501²)	±3.597	±0.241	0.903
TrL_straight	SL	M	23	y_i = 3.407x_i + 13.290 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 5.230²)	±5.163	±0.347	0.799
TaL	SL	F	81	y_i = 1.693x_i + 3.950 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.931²)	±0.954	±0.029	0.978
TaL	SL	M	77	y_i = 1.632x_i + 4.900 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 2.117²)	±1.134	±0.030	0.975
Ht_straight	SL_straight	F	26	y_i = 1.149x_i − 0.074 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.882²)	±0.927	±0.018	0.994
Ht_straight	SL_straight	M	23	y_i = 1.181x_i − 1.983 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.130²)	±1.307	±0.024	0.990

SL, curved standard length; SL_straight, straight-line standard length; SE, standard error; Ht, curved height; Ht_straight, straight-line height; HdL, head length; TrL, curved trunk length; TrL_straight, straight-line trunk length; TaL, curved tail length; F, female; M, male.

TABLE 2

Correlation between selected morphometric characteristics of Hippocampus capensis collected in 2017.

x-Variable	y-Variable	Sex	n	Regression equation	ε	Intercept SE	Slope SE	Adjusted R²
Ht	SL	F	126	y_i = 1.117x_i + 1.994 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.139²)	±1.043	±0.016	0.974
Ht	SL	M	118	y_i = 1.140 − 0.003 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.311²)	±1.413	±0.020	0.959
Ht_straight	SL	F	35	y_i = 1.105x_i + 4.346 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.456²)	±2.669	±0.041	0.942
Ht_straight	SL	M	32	y_i = 1.150x_i + 0.619 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.721²)	±3.047	±0.045	0.930
SL_straight	SL	F	35	y_i = 0.979x_i + 0.590 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.094²)	±2.083	±0.027	0.967
SL_straight	SL	M	32	y_i = 1.015x_i − 2.361 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.318²)	±2.387	±0.030	0.959
HdL	SL	F	138	y_i = 4.518x_i + 20.552 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.605²)	±4.108	±0.332	0.574
HdL	SL	M	136	y_i = 3.396x_i + 37.127 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.263²)	±3.173	±0.257	0.562
TrL	SL	F	138	y_i = 2.393x_i + 24.413 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 3.825²)	±2.872	±0.132	0.706
TrL	SL	M	136	y_i = 2.471x_i + 26.241 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.274²)	±4.012	±0.188	0.560
TrL_straight	SL	F	47	y_i = 1.905x_i + 39.138 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.310²)	±5.665	±1.905	0.488
TrL_straight	SL	M	50	y_i = 2.401x_i + 31.646 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 4.512²)	±6.373	±0.326	0.521
TaL	SL	F	138	y_i = 1.531x_i + 11.549 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 2.430²)	±2.038	±0.048	0.882
TaL	SL	M	136	y_i = 1.455x_i + 12.908 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 2.226²)	±2.094	±0.046	0.881
Ht_straight	SL_straight	F	47	y_i = 1.132x_i + 3.650 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 0.882²)	±1.617	±0.025	0.979
Ht_straight	SL_straight	M	50	y_i = 1.134x_i + 2.930 + ε^i	ε~N(0, 1.087²)	±1.925	±0.028	0.970

SL, curved standard length; SL_straight, straight-line standard length; SE, standard error; Ht, curved height; Ht_str_aight, straight-line height; HdL, head length; TrL, curved trunk length; TrL_straight, straight-line trunk length; TaL, curved tail length; F, female; M, male.

TABLE 3

Test statistics of regression models of standard length with head length, curved trunk length and curved tail length, showing interaction between the measured variables and sexes and years, respectively.

Model	x-Variable	Grouping variable	Interaction	Slope
SL₁₉₉₁~HdL₁₉₉₁*Sex	325.470	0.959	0.0315	−1.365
SL₂₀₁₇~HdL₂₀₁₇*Sex	88.387	9.828	0.6315	2.690
SL₁₉₉₁~TrL₁₉₉₁*Sex	397.410	9.464	0.1775	0.071
SL₂₀₁₇~TrL₂₀₁₇*Sex	111.676	9.141	0.6889	−0.343
SL₁₉₉₁~TaL₁₉₉₁*Sex	1317.634	8.341	0.9709	1.469
SL₂₀₁₇~TaL₂₀₁₇*Sex	513.837	9.436	0.0133	1.145
SL₁₉₉₁~Ht_{straight(1991)}*Sex	6319.06	0.827	1.133	−1.008
SL₂₀₁₇~Ht_{straight(2017)}*Sex	3638.625	8.320	0.0026	−0.734
SL_F~HdL_F*Year	541.182	106.962	2.7792	2.508
SL_M~HdL_M*Year	284.61	142.26	7.1196	7.462
SL_F~TrL_F*Year	727.50	11.15	19.669	6.898
SL_M~TrL_M*Year	495.947	4.792	6.8645	4.625
SL_F~TaL_F*Year	1905.621	18.522	4.4768	2.899
SL_M~TaL_M*Year	1910.512	29.439	3.0692	3.243
SL_F~Ht_straight(F)*Year	15 057.984	76.374	0.3122	1.428
SL_M~Ht_straight(M)*Year	8521.251	29.887	1.5973	1.016

Note: Values in bold are significant (p < 0.05).

SL, curved standard length; Ht_straight, straight-line height; HdL, head length; TrL, curved trunk length; TaL, curved tail length.

Discussion

The 1991 and 2017 datasets provided reliable correlations between the morphometric variables measured for the different preservation techniques. Both preservation techniques used in this study are known to result in significant shrinkage of fish bodies (Berbel-Filho, Jacobina & Martinez 2013; Buchheister & Wilson 2005; Nadeau et al. 2009) with the preservation of samples in formalin and ethanol resulting in ongoing shrinkage of body parts (Martinez, Berbel-Filho & Jacobina 2013; Sotola et al. 2019). To compound the complexity of using preserved specimens in morphometric investigations, shrinkage in fish may not be uniform across body parts and differences can even be observed at an individual level (Sotola et al. 2019). This effect was noted in this study with the regressions of SL with HdL, TrL and TaL of H. capensis collected in 2017, showing greater variation than those collected in 1991. Although the individuals collected in 2017 were frozen before processing, they showed differing levels of desiccation when collected. This, coupled with an extended, staggered collection period for the stranded seahorses, and the relatively shorter period between preservation and processing of samples compared to the 1991 dataset, could have contributed to the larger variation in the body length ratios. The greater correlation between morphometric measurements of SL and HdL, TrL and TaL in 1991 was therefore likely because of more even shrinkage resulting from prolonged exposure of the samples to the fixative. This result, together with the differences in slopes between the 2 years, suggests that different regression equations are needed for each preservation type and that comparisons between samples preserved in different fixatives may require correction factors to be calculated by measuring samples before and at several periods after preservation. In addition, using regression equations obtained from preserved specimens to describe morphometric relationships of live specimens is not recommended.

The mean length (Ht_straight) of H. capensis differed significantly between 1991, 2017 and 2019 for both sexes. Differences could relate to the timing of the breaching events, with both the 1991 and 2019 samples collected towards the end of the breeding period for H. capensis (austral summer – Whitfield [1995]), whereas the 2017 samples were collected at the start of the breeding period, potentially explaining the lower proportion of smaller individuals in that year. The duration of preservation of specimens could also have contributed to differences in mean length, with specimens collected in 1991 being subjected to longer exposure to a fixative likely having shrunk to a greater degree.

Although differences in the size data existed, the slopes of the SL versus Ht_straight regressions for 1991 and 2017 did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that the relationship between SL and Ht_straight remains relatively constant regardless of preservation technique used. This was, however, not the case for the relationship between SL and HdL, TrL and TaL, where preservation technique, as well as sex, influenced the slopes of the regressions. As various length measurements are often used for measuring seahorses, standardisation of seahorse measurements is difficult (Foster & Vincent 2004). The morphometric regressions presented in Tables 1 and 2 can assist in comparing the results of previous studies where different measurements and preservation methods were used.

Equal sex ratios observed in 1991 and 2017 were similar to those found in in situ studies of natural populations (Lockyear et al. 2006) and in 2019, suggesting that stranding affected both sexes equally. The use of stranding data for H. capensis in the Swartvlei Estuary could be a novel way of post hoc determination of population attributes, as data collected from these events are comparable to those collected from the study of in situ populations. The effects of preservation on morphometric variables also need additional consideration, and shrinkage correction equations should be developed for different preservation methods and durations.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the citizen scientists, SANParks staff and honorary rangers for their assistance with data collection. They would also like to thank Dr Mohlamatsane Mokhatla for his help with the statistical programme R.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Authors’ contributions

C.J.A. and I.A.R. conceptualised the study, conducted fieldwork and contributed to writing the article. C.J.A. performed all laboratory and statistical analysis.

Ethical consideration

This study fully meets the ethical standards for handling of Hippocampus capensis as set out by the SANParks Animal Use and Care Committee (004/17).

Funding information

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Data can be requested via the SANParks data repository (http://dataknp.sanparks.org/sanparks/). Data use limitations may apply.

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors.

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How to cite this article: Arendse, C.J. & Russell, I.A., 2020, ‘Morphometric regressions for the endangered Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis, in the Swartvlei Estuary from mass stranding events’, Koedoe 62(1), a1632. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v62i1.1632